Ainihin, kayan aikin injin kayan aiki ne na na'ura don jagorantar hanyar kayan aiki - ba ta hanyar kai tsaye ba, jagorar jagora, kamar kayan aikin hannu da kusan dukkanin kayan aikin ɗan adam, har sai mutane sun ƙirƙira kayan aikin injin.
Ikon lambobi (NC) yana nufin amfani da dabaru na shirye-shirye (bayanai a cikin nau'ikan haruffa, lambobi, alamomi, kalmomi ko haɗuwa) don sarrafa kayan aikin injin ta atomatik. Kafin ya bayyana, masu aiki da hannu suna sarrafa kayan aikin koyaushe.
Kula da lambobi na kwamfuta (CNC) yana nufin aika daidaitattun rufaffiyar umarni zuwa microprocessor a cikin tsarin sarrafa kayan aikin injin, don haɓaka daidaito da daidaito. CNC da mutane ke magana a kai a yau kusan duk suna nufin injin niƙa da aka haɗa da kwamfutoci. Ta hanyar fasaha, ana iya amfani da ita don siffanta kowace na'ura da kwamfuta ke sarrafa shi.
A cikin karnin da ya gabata, yawancin abubuwan ƙirƙira sun aza harsashi don haɓaka kayan aikin injin CNC. Anan, muna duban abubuwa guda huɗu na haɓaka fasahar sarrafa lambobi: kayan aikin injin farko, katunan punch, hanyoyin servo da kayan aikin shirye-shirye na atomatik (APT).
Kayan aikin injin farko
A lokacin juyin juya halin masana'antu na biyu a Biritaniya, James Watt ya sami yabo don ƙirƙirar injin tururi wanda ke ƙarfafa juyin juya halin masana'antu, amma ya fuskanci matsaloli wajen kera daidaiton injinan tururi har zuwa 1775, John Johnwilkinson ya ƙirƙira abin da aka sani da na'ura na farko a duniya. ga m tururi engine cylinders da aka warware. Wilkinson kuma ya ƙera wannan na'ura mai ban sha'awa bisa tushen igwansa;
Katin Punch
A shekara ta 1725, Basile bouchon, wani ma'aikacin masaku ɗan ƙasar Faransa, ya ƙirƙira hanyar sarrafa masaku ta hanyar amfani da bayanan da aka ɓoye akan kaset ɗin takarda ta hanyar ramuka. Ko da yake yana da ban sha'awa, rashin amfanin wannan hanya kuma a bayyane yake, wato, har yanzu yana buƙatar masu aiki. A cikin 1805, Joseph Marie Jacquard ya karɓi wannan ra'ayi, amma an ƙarfafa shi kuma an sauƙaƙa shi ta hanyar amfani da katunan naushi masu ƙarfi waɗanda aka tsara a jere, ta haka ne ke sarrafa tsarin. Wadannan katunan naushi ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin ginshiƙi na ƙididdiga na zamani kuma suna nuna ƙarshen masana'antar aikin hannu na gida a cikin saƙa.
Wani abin sha'awa shine, masu saƙa siliki sun yi tsayayya da jacquard looms a lokacin, waɗanda suka damu cewa wannan na'urar zai hana su ayyukansu da rayuwarsu. Sun yi ta kona masarukan da aka sanya a cikin samarwa; Koyaya, juriyarsu ta zama banza, saboda masana'antar sun fahimci fa'idodin looms na atomatik. A shekara ta 1812, an yi amfani da jacquard 11000 a Faransa.
Katunan da aka buga a ƙarshen 1800s kuma sun sami amfani da yawa, daga telegraph zuwa piano ta atomatik. Kodayake katunan farko sun yanke shawarar sarrafa injina, mai ƙirƙira ɗan ƙasar Amurka Herman Hollerith ya ƙirƙiri tabulator na kati na lantarki, wanda ya canza dokokin wasan. An ba da izinin tsarinsa a cikin 1889, lokacin da yake aiki da Ofishin Kidayar Amurka.
Herman Hollerith ya kafa kamfanin tabulator a 1896 kuma ya hade da wasu kamfanoni hudu don kafa IBM a shekara ta 1924. A cikin rabin na biyu na karni na 20, an fara amfani da katunan nau'i don shigar da bayanai da adanar kwamfutoci da na'urorin sarrafa lambobi. Tsarin asali yana da layuka biyar na ramuka, yayin da sigogin da ke gaba suna da layuka shida, bakwai, takwas ko fiye.
Tsarin Servo
Injin Servo na'ura ce ta atomatik, wacce ke amfani da ra'ayi na kuskure don gyara aikin na'ura ko na'ura. A wasu lokuta, servo yana ba da damar na'urori masu ƙarfi su sarrafa ta na'urori masu ƙarancin ƙarfi. Tsarin servo ya ƙunshi na'ura mai sarrafawa, wata na'urar da ke ba da umarni, kayan aikin gano kuskure, amplifier siginar kuskure da na'ura (motar servo) mai gyara kurakurai. Ana amfani da tsarin Servo don sarrafa masu canji kamar matsayi da sauri, kuma mafi yawan su ne lantarki, pneumatic ko na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa.
Na'urar servo ta farko ta H. kalandar ta kafa ta a Biritaniya a cikin 1896. A shekara ta 1940, MIT ta kirkiro dakin gwaje-gwaje na kayan aikin servo na musamman, wanda ya samo asali daga karuwar kulawar Sashen Injiniyan Lantarki ga wannan batu. A cikin mashin ɗin CNC, tsarin servo yana da matukar mahimmanci don cimma daidaiton haƙuri da ake buƙata ta hanyar injin injin atomatik.
Kayan aikin shirye-shirye ta atomatik (APT)
An haifi kayan aikin shirye-shirye ta atomatik (APT) a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na servo na Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts a 1956. Babban nasara ce ta ƙungiyar aikace-aikacen kwamfuta. Yaren shirye-shirye ne mai sauƙi don amfani, wanda aka yi amfani da shi musamman don samar da umarni don kayan aikin injin CNC. Sigar asali ta riga ta FORTRAN, amma daga baya an sake rubuta su da Fortran.
Apt harshe ne da aka ƙirƙira don yin aiki tare da injin NC na farko na MIT, wanda shine injin NC na farko a duniya. Sannan ya ci gaba da zama mizanin shirye-shiryen na'ura mai sarrafa kwamfuta, kuma an yi amfani da shi sosai a shekarun 1970. Daga baya, sojojin sama sun dauki nauyin haɓakar haɓakawa kuma daga ƙarshe an buɗe su ga ƙungiyoyin farar hula.
Douglas T. Ross, shugaban rukunin aikace-aikacen kwamfuta, an san shi da uban apt. Daga baya ya ƙirƙira kalmar "ƙirar taimakon kwamfuta" (CAD).
Haihuwar sarrafa lambobi
Kafin fitowar kayan aikin injin CNC, na farko shine haɓaka kayan aikin injin CNC da kayan aikin injin CNC na farko. Ko da yake akwai wasu bambance-bambance a cikin bayanin daban-daban na bayanan tarihi, kayan aikin injin CNC na farko ba kawai mayar da martani ga ƙayyadaddun ƙalubalen masana'antu da sojoji ke fuskanta ba, har ma da haɓakar dabi'a na tsarin katin naushi.
"Ikon dijital shine farkon juyin juya halin masana'antu na biyu da kuma zuwan zamanin kimiyya wanda sarrafa injina da hanyoyin masana'antu za su canza daga tsararru marasa inganci zuwa na kwarai." - Ƙungiyar injiniyoyin masana'antu.
Ba'amurke mai ƙirƙira John T. Parsons (1913 - 2007) ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin uban sarrafa lambobi. Ya ɗauki ciki da aiwatar da fasahar sarrafa lambobi tare da taimakon injiniyan jirgin sama Frank L. stulen. A matsayinsa na ɗan masana'anta a Michigan, Parsons ya fara aiki a matsayin mai tarawa a masana'antar mahaifinsa yana ɗan shekara 14. Daga baya, ya mallaki da sarrafa masana'antun masana'antu da yawa a ƙarƙashin kamfanin kasuwanci na Parsons.
Parsons yana da haƙƙin mallaka na NC na farko kuma an zaɓi shi a cikin National Inventors Hall of shahara saboda aikinsa na farko a fagen sarrafa lambobi. Parsons yana da jimillar haƙƙoƙin mallaka 15, kuma an ba wasu 35 ga kasuwancin sa. Ƙungiyar injiniyoyin masana'antu sun yi hira da Parsons a 2001 don sanar da kowa da kowa labarinsa ta fuskarsa.
Jadawalin farko na NC
1942:John T. Parsons ya kasance ƙarƙashin kwangilar Sikorsky Aircraft don kera ruwan rotor na helikwafta.
1944:sakamakon la’akarin da aka yi da katakon fikafikan, daya daga cikin tudu 18 na farko da suka kera ya gaza, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar matukin jirgin. Tunanin Parsons shine a buga rotor ruwa da karfe don kara karfi da maye gurbin gamsai da skru don daura taron.
1946:mutane sun so ƙirƙirar kayan aikin masana'anta don samar da ruwan wukake daidai, wanda babban ƙalubale ne mai rikitarwa ga yanayin a wancan lokacin. Saboda haka, Parsons ya ɗauki hayar injiniyan jirgin sama Frank stulen kuma ya kafa ƙungiyar injiniya tare da wasu mutane uku. Stulen yayi tunanin yin amfani da katunan naushi na IBM don tantance matakin damuwa akan ruwan, kuma sun yi hayar injin IBM guda bakwai don aikin.
A cikin 1948, an cimma burin sauƙin sauya tsarin motsi na kayan aikin injin atomatik ta hanyoyi guda biyu - idan aka kwatanta da kawai saita ƙayyadaddun tsarin motsi - kuma ana aiwatar da shi ta hanyoyi guda biyu: sarrafawar ganowa da sarrafa dijital. Kamar yadda muke iya gani, na farko yana buƙatar yin samfurin zahiri na abu (ko aƙalla cikakken zane, irin su Cincinnati cable tracer hydropower phone). Na biyu ba don kammala hoton abu ko sashi ba, amma kawai don abstract shi: ƙirar lissafi da umarnin injin.
1949:Sojojin saman Amurka suna buƙatar taimakon ƙwaƙƙwaran tsarin reshe. Parsons ya sayar da injinsa na CNC kuma ya sami kwangilar da ta kai $200000 don tabbatar da hakan.
1949:Parsons da stulen sun kasance suna aiki tare da injin Snyder & Tool Corp. don haɓaka injuna kuma sun gane cewa suna buƙatar injinan servo don sa injin yayi aiki daidai. Parsons ya ƙaddamar da tsarin servo na "na'urar milling card-a-matic" zuwa servo inji Laboratory na Cibiyar fasaha ta Massachusetts.
1952 (Mayu): Parsons ya nemi takardar izini don "na'urar sarrafa motoci don saka kayan aikin inji". Ya ba da patent a 1958.
1952 (Agusta):a cikin mayar da martani, MIT ta nemi takardar izini don "tsarin servo na sarrafa lambobi".
Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, Sojojin saman Amurka sun rattaba hannu kan kwangiloli da dama tare da Parsons don ci gaba da bunkasa fasahar kere-kere ta NC da wanda ya kafa ta John Parsons ya yi. Parsons ya yi sha'awar gwaje-gwajen da ake yi a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na injin servo na MIT kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa MIT ta zama ɗan kwangilar aiki a cikin 1949 don ba da ƙwarewa kan sarrafa atomatik. A cikin shekaru 10 masu zuwa, MIT ta sami ikon sarrafa aikin gaba ɗaya, saboda hangen nesa na "tsarin ci gaba da sarrafa hanya guda uku" na dakin gwaje-gwajen servo ya maye gurbin ainihin manufar Parsons na "yanke a yankan matsayi". Matsaloli koyaushe suna haifar da fasaha, amma wannan labari na musamman da ɗan tarihi David noble ya rubuta ya zama muhimmin ci gaba a tarihin fasaha.
1952:MIT sun nuna tsarin bel ɗin su na dogo 7, wanda ke da wahala da tsada (250 vacuum tubes, relays 175, a cikin manyan ɗakunan firiji biyar).
Na'urar niƙa ta CNC ta asali ta MIT a cikin 1952 ita ce hydro Tel, wani kamfani mai ingin Cincinnati mai axis 3 da aka gyara.
Akwai labarai guda bakwai game da "na'ura mai sarrafa kansa, wanda ke wakiltar juyin juya halin kimiyya da fasaha wanda zai tsara makomar bil'adama yadda ya kamata" a cikin mujallar "sarrafa atomatik" na Scientific American a watan Satumba, 1952.
1955:Concord controls (wanda ya ƙunshi membobin ƙungiyar asali na MIT) sun ƙirƙira numericard, wanda ya maye gurbin tef ɗin da aka fashe akan injinan MIT NC tare da mai karanta kaset ɗin GE.
Ma'ajiyar tef
1958:Parsons ya sami lasisin Amurka 2820187 kuma ya sayar da keɓaɓɓen lasisi ga Bendix. IBM, Fujitsu da wutar lantarki na gabaɗaya duk sun sami lasisin ƙasa bayan sun fara kera injinan nasu.
1958:MIT ta buga wani rahoto kan tattalin arzikin NC, wanda ya kammala da cewa injin NC na yanzu bai ɓata lokaci da gaske ba, amma ya tura ma'aikatan aiki daga taron masana'antar zuwa ga mutanen da suka kera bel.
Lokacin aikawa: Jul-19-2022